CXCL12: A Potent Chemoattractant for Immune Cell Recruitment (G6387)

Target Name: CXCL12

NCBI ID: G6387

CXCL12: A Potent Chemoattractant for Immune Cell Recruitment

CXCL12, also known as interleukin-12 (IL-12), is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. It is a potent chemoattractant that attracts immune cells, including T cells, to the site of an infection or injury, and is involved in the development of both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

CXCL12 is a member of the Interleukin-1 family, which includes several other cytokines that play a critical role in the immune response. The most well-known member of this family is IL-12, which is a potent cytokine that is involved in the regulation of immune cell function and the development of inflammatory diseases.

CXCL12 is produced by a variety of tissues in the body, including the spleen, lungs, and skin. It is expressed in high levels in response to infection or injury, and its levels are typically increased in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions that are characterized by inflammation or chronic inflammatory diseases.

One of the key functions of CXCL12 is its ability to attract immune cells to the site of an infection or injury. This is accomplished through the presence of specific CXCL12 receptors, which are found on the surface of immune cells, including T cells. Once CXCL12 binds to these receptors, it can activate the downstream signaling pathways that ultimately result in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation.

The signaling pathways that are activated by CXCL12 are highly complex and involve multiple interacting proteins. Once CXCL12 has bound to its receptors, it can activate several different signaling pathways, including the T cell signaling pathway and the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway. These signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of immune cell function, including the development and activation of T cells, the production of cytokines, and the regulation of inflammation.

CXCL12 is also involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Its presence at the site of an infection or injury can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-伪, IL-1, and IL-6. These cytokines play a critical role in the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation, and in the regulation of the inflammatory response.

CXCL12 is also involved in the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis. Its presence at the site of an infection or injury can stimulate the production of pro-apoptotic cytokines, such as FasL, which can ultimately result in the death of infected or damaged cells. This is important for the regulation of cell numbers and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.

CXCL12 is also involved in the regulation of the immune response, specifically in the regulation of T cell function. Its presence at the site of an infection or injury can stimulate the production of T cells, and it is involved in the regulation of T cell proliferation, differentiation, and selection.

CXCL12 is also involved in the regulation of inflammation in the skin. Its presence at the site of an infection or injury can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, which can result in the production of inflammatory escharases and the regulation of immune cell function.

In conclusion, CXCL12 is a critical cytokine that is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Its ability to attract immune cells to the site of an infection or injury makes it an attractive drug target for the development of new treatments for a variety of inflammatory diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of CXCL12, and to develop effective treatments for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Protein Name: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12

Functions: Chemoattractant active on T-lymphocytes and monocytes but not neutrophils. Activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. SDF-1-beta(3-72) and SDF-1-alpha(3-67) show a reduced chemotactic activity. Binding to cell surface proteoglycans seems to inhibit formation of SDF-1-alpha(3-67) and thus to preserve activity on local sites. Also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3, which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. Binds to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins and activates integrins ITGAV:ITGB3, ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1 in a CXCR4-independent manner (PubMed:29301984). Acts as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase. Stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins. SDF1A/CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase. Inhibits CXCR4-mediated infection by T-cell line-adapted HIV-1. Plays a protective role after myocardial infarction. Induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells. Has several critical functions during embryonic development; required for B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation. Stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow-derived B-cell progenitors in the presence of IL7 as well as growth of stromal cell-dependent pre-B-cells (By similarity)

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