HNRNPU: A Key Regulator of Neuronal Communication and Memory (G3192)

Target Name: HNRNPU

NCBI ID: G3192

HNRNPU: A Key Regulator of Neuronal Communication and Memory

HNRNPU (Heterodihydro-N-acetyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-ascorbic acid), also known as HNRNPU variant 1, is a protein that is expressed in various tissues and cells of the body. It is a key regulator of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in memory, attention, and other cognitive functions.

HNRNPU is a transmembrane protein that is expressed in the brain, heart, and pancreas. It is composed of four distinct subunits, which are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including neurotransmitter signaling, ion channels, and intracellular signaling pathways.

One of the unique features of HNRNPU is its ability to regulate the levels of acetylcholine in the brain. Accumulation of acetylcholine in the brain is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. By regulating the levels of acetylcholine, HNRNPU may have a potential therapeutic impact on these diseases.

Another important function of HNRNPU is its role in the regulation of ion channels. Ion channels are critical for the transmission of electrical signals in the brain, and they are regulated by various proteins, including HNRNPU. The subunits of HNRNPU are involved in the regulation of ion channels, which allows them to play a role in the regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic communication.

HNRNPU is also involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. Many signaling pathways in the brain are regulated by the interaction between protein molecules and various chemical messengers. HNRNPU is involved in these pathways, and its subunits can interact with various signaling molecules, including neurotransmitters and ion channels.

In conclusion, HNRNPU is a protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes in the brain. Its regulation of the levels of acetylcholine and its role in the regulation of ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways may have a potential therapeutic impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of HNRNPU in these processes and its potential as a drug target.

Protein Name: Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein U

Functions: DNA- and RNA-binding protein involved in several cellular processes such as nuclear chromatin organization, telomere-length regulation, transcription, mRNA alternative splicing and stability, Xist-mediated transcriptional silencing and mitotic cell progression (PubMed:10490622, PubMed:18082603, PubMed:19029303, PubMed:22325991, PubMed:25986610, PubMed:28622508). Plays a role in the regulation of interphase large-scale gene-rich chromatin organization through chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) in a transcription-dependent manner, and thereby maintains genomic stability (PubMed:1324173, PubMed:8174554, PubMed:28622508). Required for the localization of the long non-coding Xist RNA on the inactive chromosome X (Xi) and the subsequent initiation and maintenance of X-linked transcriptional gene silencing during X-inactivation (By similarity). Plays a role as a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) holoenzyme transcription regulator (PubMed:8174554, PubMed:9353307, PubMed:10490622, PubMed:15711563, PubMed:19617346, PubMed:23811339). Promotes transcription initiation by direct association with the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor complex for the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex with Pol II in a actin-dependent manner (PubMed:10490622, PubMed:15711563). Blocks Pol II transcription elongation activity by inhibiting the C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation of Pol II and dissociates from Pol II pre-initiation complex prior to productive transcription elongation (PubMed:10490622). Positively regulates CBX5-induced transcriptional gene silencing and retention of CBX5 in the nucleus (PubMed:19617346). Negatively regulates glucocorticoid-mediated transcriptional activation (PubMed:9353307). Key regulator of transcription initiation and elongation in embryonic stem cells upon leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling (By similarity). Involved in the long non-coding RNA H19-mediated Pol II transcriptional repression (PubMed:23811339). Participates in the circadian regulation of the core clock component BMAL1 transcription (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of telomere length (PubMed:18082603). Plays a role as a global pre-mRNA alternative splicing modulator by regulating U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) biogenesis (PubMed:22325991). Plays a role in mRNA stability (PubMed:17174306, PubMed:17289661, PubMed:19029303). Component of the CRD-mediated complex that promotes MYC mRNA stabilization (PubMed:19029303). Enhances the expression of specific genes, such as tumor necrosis factor TNFA, by regulating mRNA stability, possibly through binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) (PubMed:17174306). Plays a role in mitotic cell cycle regulation (PubMed:21242313, PubMed:25986610). Involved in the formation of stable mitotic spindle microtubules (MTs) attachment to kinetochore, spindle organization and chromosome congression (PubMed:21242313). Phosphorylation at Ser-59 by PLK1 is required for chromosome alignement and segregation and progression through mitosis (PubMed:25986610). Contributes also to the targeting of AURKA to mitotic spindle MTs (PubMed:21242313). Binds to double- and single-stranded DNA and RNA, poly(A), poly(C) and poly(G) oligoribonucleotides (PubMed:1628625, PubMed:8068679, PubMed:8174554, PubMed:9204873, PubMed:9405365). Binds to chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs) (PubMed:28622508). Associates with chromatin to scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) elements in a chromatin-associated RNAs (caRNAs)-dependent manner (PubMed:7509195, PubMed:1324173, PubMed:9204873, PubMed:9405365, PubMed:10671544, PubMed:11003645, PubMed:11909954, PubMed:28622508). Binds to the Xist RNA (PubMed:26244333). Binds the long non-coding H19 RNA (PubMed:23811339). Binds to SMN1/2 pre-mRNAs at G/U-rich regions (PubMed:22325991). Binds to small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) (PubMed:22325991). Binds to the 3'-UTR of TNFA mRNA (PubMed:17174306). Binds (via RNA-binding RGG-box region) to the long non-coding Xist RNA; this binding is direct and bridges the Xist RNA and the inactive chromosome X (Xi) (By similarity). Also negatively regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation upon LIF signaling (By similarity). Required for embryonic development (By similarity). Binds to brown fat long non-coding RNA 1 (Blnc1); facilitates the recruitment of Blnc1 by ZBTB7B required to drive brown and beige fat development and thermogenesis (By similarity)

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